ACQUISITION OF CAPITAL

A corporation needs capital in order to start up, operate, and expands its business. The process of acquiring this capital is known as financing. A corporation uses two basic types of financing and debt financing. Equity financing refers to funds that are invested by owners of the corporation. Debt financing, on the other hand, refers to funds that borrowed from sources outside the corporation.

Equity financing (obtaining owners funds) can be exemplified by the sale of corporate stock. In this type of transaction, the corporation sells units of ownership known as share of stock. Each share entitles the purchaser to a certain amount of ownership. For example, if someone buys 100 shares of stock from Ford Motor Company, that person has purchased 100 shares worth of Ford’s resources, materials, plants, production, and profits. The person who purchases shares of stock is known as a stockholder or shareholder.

All corporations, regardless of their size, receive their starting capital from issuing and selling shares of stock. The initial sales involve some risk on the part of the buyers because the corporation has no record of performance. If the corporation is successful, the stockholder may profit through increased valuation of the shares of stock, as well as by receiving dividends. Dividends are proportional amounts of profit usually paid quarterly to stockholders. However, if the corporation is not successful, the stockholder may take a severe loss on the initial stock investment.

Often equity financing does not provide the corporation with enough capital and it must turn to debt financing, or borrowing funds. One example of debt financing is the sale of corporate bonds. In this type of agreement, the corporation borrows money from an investor in return for a bond. The bond has a maturity date, a deadline when the corporation must repay all of the money it has borrowed. The corporation must also make periodic interest payments to the bondholder during the time the money is borrowed. If these obligations are not met, the corporation can be forced to sell its assets in order to make payments to the bondholders.

All businesses need financial support. Equity financing (as in the sale of stock) and debt financing (as in the sale of bonds) provide important means by which a corporation may obtain its capital.

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FACEBOOK DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN HP SMART D1200P

FACEBOOK DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN HP SMART D1200P

Ternyata HP Smart D1200P bisa digunakan untuk membuka Facebook langsung dari Hpnya. Walaupun tidak sebagus membuka Facebook di komputer tapi kita jadi bisa membuka Facebook dimanapun dan kapanpun.

Berikut ini cara melakukannya :

1. Tekan tombol keypad yang berada dilingkaran tengah yang bersimbol seperti huruf i, atau bisa juga dengan cara tekan Menu, lalu pilih My Menu, dan pilih WAP.

2. Pilih Advanced, klik oke pada Open URL.

3. Ganti URL awal menjadi http://m.facebook.com, tunggu hingga muncul tampilan awal Facebook.

4. Sebelum memasukan ID dan Pass, terlebih dahulu klik tulisan HTTP login yyang berada di bawah kotak ID dan Pass.

5. Setelah itu barulah kita bisa masukan ID dan Pass Facebook kita, dan siap Facebookan dari Hp Smart.

Tetapi apabila kita membuka Facebook dari Hp, kita tidak bisa banyak melakukan kegiatan seperti yang ada di komputer. Selain itu apabila kita melakukan Facebookan dari Hp dengan waktu yang lama maka akan mengakibatkan ngehang pada jam yang ada di Hp Smart kita, selain itu juga mengakibatkan batre cepat panas.

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Tips Memancing

TIPS MEMANCING

Sebelum memancing sebaiknya siapkan peralatannya terlebih dahulu, seperti pancingannya, umpan, senar, alat untuk menyimpan ikan yang telah ditangkap, dan kail. Berikut ini adalah tips dari saya sendiri :

• Bawalah alat pancing dan senar lebih dari satu untuk jaga-jaga apabila senar yang kita pakai telah habis atau sering putus dan pancingannya apabila patah ada penggantinya.

• Dalam pembuatan umpannya, kalau saya meraciknya menggunakan campuran telur, dedek, nasi, dan jeroan ikan yang telah diblender. Lalu umpannya dibentuk menjadi lingkaran kecil – kecil dan diolesi lagi dengan telor agar aromanya menyengat saat ikan menciumnya.

• Dalam pemilihan kail sebaiknya menggunakan yang berpelampung dan gunakan yang menggunakan 2 pengait agar ikan mudah tertangkap.

• Sebelum memulai memancing lemparkan beberapa umpan ke ikan, agar ikan terbiasa memakan umpan yang telah kita buat.

• Dalam melempar pancingan sebaiknya jangan terlalu jauh dan juga jangan terlalu dekat.

• Perhatikan baik – baik pancingan yang telah kita lempar, terutama perhatikan pelampung dari kail apabila menunjukan gerakan naik turun maka umpan kita telah dimakan oleh ikan.

• Setelah umpan dimakan sebaiknya jangan langsung ditarik, tapi biarkan dulu ikan menarik umpan.

• Tarik pancingan secara berlahan – lahan, apabila gerakan ikan melawan arah dari tempat kita memancing sebaiknya angkat pancingan ke atas sambil menarik pancingan.

~Selamat Mencoba~

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Rollade

Berikut ini adalah resep yang saya dapat dari ibu saya sendiri, yaitu Rollade sejenis daging yang berbentuk lingkaran.

Rollade

Bahan -bahan :

• Daging sapi yang telah dicincang

• Lada

• Bawang putih

• Garam

• Telur

Cara Pembuatannya :

• Pertama lada, bawang putih diulek jadi satu dan tambahkan garam secukupnya

• Setelah bumbu telah jadi masukan daging sapi yang telah dicincang

• Lalu daging tersebut digulung hingga berbentuk lingkaran

• Oleskan telur yang telah dikocok ke daging yang telah digulung

• Terakhir kukuslah daging tersebut

~Selamat menikmati~

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XBox Natal

XBox Natal

Para developer saat ini sedang gencar-gencarnya memproduksi console mereka dengan menawarkan segala bentuk kelebihan, agar menarik perhatian para konsumen. Beberapa tahun yang lalu Sony mulai mengeluarkan PS3, lalu disusul Microsoft dengan Xbox 360. dan Nintendo mengeluarkan Wii dan sebagainya. Namun disisini saya hanya akan membahas console kleuaran terbaru dari Microsoft. Selama ini semua console selalu menggunakan kontroler sebagai media inputan dalam bermain game, namun ada salah satu pembuat console yang memiliki ide untuk membuat sebuah console yang dalam penggunaannya tanpa menggunakan kontroler, melainkan menggunakan sensor gerak. Console ini merupakan keluaran terbaru dari Microsft dan seri lanjutan dari Xbox 360, nama console ini yaitu Xbox Natal. Natal sebenarnya merupakan add on atau alat tambahan berupa sensor kamera untuk Xbox 360. Sistem yang digunakan dalam Natal memanfaatkan gerak tubuh sebagai input berbagai perintah, sehingga console ini tidak perlu lagi menggunakan kontroler. Selain tanpa menggunakan kontroler, Natal juga menampilkan fitur-fitur yang tidak pernah ada dalam console lainnya, seperti voice recognition, mampu mengscan berbagai objek, dan Natal juga dilengkapi dengan kemampuan memainkan film dan melakukan video calling. Spec dari Xbox Natal :

• GPU

Dilengkapi GPU Shader Model 5 dengan memory rDRAM 32 MB, clock rate 600 MHz dan mampu memproduksi tampilan 1080 p.

• CPU

Menggunakan CPU 6 core.

• Memory

Menjadi 1024 MB dari sebelumnya 512 MB, jenis memorynya pun berubah dari GDDR 3 menjadi GDDR 5.

• Storage & Connectivity

Menggunakan SSD (Solid State Drive) 2.5 inchi dengan kapasitas sebesar 32 GB, optiknya menggunakan DVD

(Sumber : Majalah Game)

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THE BALANCE SHEET

Nama : Yudhi H.P
Kelas : 3DB01
NPM : 321-07-180

THE BALANCE SHEET

Financial statements are the final product of the accounting process. They provide information on the financial condition of a company. The balance sheet, one type of financial statement, provides a summary of what a company owns and what it owes on one particular day.

Assets represent everything of value that is owned by a business, such as property, equipment, and accounts receivable. On the other hand, liabilities are the debts that a company owes-for example, to suppliers and banks. If liabilities are subtracted from assets (assets-liabilities) the amount remaining is the owners share of a business. This is known as owners’ or stockholders equity.

One key to understanding the accounting transactions of a business is to understand the relationship of its assets, liabilities, and owners’ equity. This is often represented by the fundamental accounting equation: assets equal liabilities plus owners’ equity.

ASSETS = LIABILITIES + OWNERS’ EQUITY

These three factors are expressed in monetary terms and therefore are limited to items that can be given a monetary value. The accounting equation always remains in balance; in other words, one side must equal the other.

The balance sheet expands the accounting equation by providing more informa- tion about the assets, liabilities, and owners’ equity of a company at a specific time (for example, on December 31, 1993). It is made up of two parts. The first part lists the company assets, andmthe second part details liabilities and owners’ equity. Assets are divided into current and fixed assets. Cash, accounts receivable and inventories are all current assets. Property, buildings, and equipment make up the fixed assets of a company. The liabilities section of the balance sheet is often divided into current liabilities
(such as bonds and long-term notes).

The balance sheet provides a financial picture of a company on a particular date, and for this reason it is useful in two important areas. Internally, the balance sheet provides managers with financial information for company decisionmaking. Externally, it gives potential investors data for evaluating the company’s financial position.

Comprehension

A.Answer the following questions about the balance sheet. Questions with asterisks (*) cannot be answered directly from the text.

1.What is the final product of the accounting process?

2.What is a balance sheet?

3.Does the balance sheet provide financial information for a long period of time (for example, January to June 1993) or does it provide information for a specific point in time (for example, on June 30, 1993)?

4.What is the difference between assets and liabilities?

5.How is owners’ or stockholders’ equity determined?

6.How can the relationship between assets, liabilities, and owners’ equity be repre- sented?

7.Does the accounting equation always remain in balance? *Why or why not?

8.How can business use a balance sheet? *As a manager, how would you find a balance sheet useful?

Answer:

1.The final product of the accounting process is the balance sheet.

2.A balance sheet is a final statement that provides a summary of what a company owns and what it owes on one particular day.

3.It provides information for a specific point in time, for example, on Jun 30, 1993.

4.Assets represent everything of value that is owned by a business, liabilities are the debts that is a company owes.

5.Owners’ or stockholders’ equity is determined by subtracting liabilities from assets.

6.It can be represented by the fundamental accounting equation assets equal liabilities plus owners’ equity.

7.Yes, it does. Because one side must equal the other. If not, it must be wrong with the recording.

8. A balance is useful for a business, because it provides a financial picture of a compa- ny on a particular day. It provides managers with financilal information for company decision making.

B.Complete the balance sheet by writing in the correct terms from the list bellow.

assets current liabilities long-term liabilities

liabilities fixed assets current assets

stockholders’ equity

International Manufacturing, Inc
Balance Sheet
December 31, 1993
Assets					Liabilities
Current assets					Current liabilities
Cash		$ 49,400			Accounts payable		$ 30,000
Accounts receivable		1,600			Income texes payable		19,000
Inventories		53,000			Total		$ 49,000
Total		$104,000			Long-term liabilities
Fixed assets					Bonds		$ 20,000
Property		$ 15,000			long-term liabilities		40,000
Buildings		50,000			Total		$ 60,000
Equipment		10,000
Total		$ 75,000			Total liabilities		$109,000
					Stockholders' equity
Total assets		$179,000			Common stock		$ 47,000
					Retained earnings		23,000
					Total		$ 70,000
					Total liabilities and
					stockholders' equity		$179,000

Vocabulary Exercises

A. Write down any term that you did understand in the reading. Find each term in the reading, look at its context, and try to figure out the meaning. Discuss these terms with your classmates.

B. Look at the terms in the left-hand column and find the correct synonyms or definition in the right-hand column. Copy the corresponding letters in the blanks.

1. G property (line 6) a. assets equal liabilities plus owners’ equity

2. D equal (line 12) b. provide information item by item

3. F condition (line 2) c. indicate by words or symbols

4. B detail (line 21) d. have the same value as

5. A accounting equation (line 12) e. a series of transactions, changes, or functi-ons that bring about a particular result

6. H monetary (line 15) f. the existing circumstance

7. E process (line 1) g. anything owned by a person

8. C express (line 15) h. of or pertaining to money

C. Discuss the following questions with a partner. In giving your answers, try to use the italicized terms.

1.What is the difference between accounts receivable and accounts payable?

2.Why are accounts receivable and cash considered current assets while property and equipment are considered fixed assets? What do you think the difference between current and fixed assets?

3.The owners’ equity in a company equals assets minus liabilities. What is meant by owners’ (or stockholders’) equity?

4.If you were a manager, how would you use the balance sheet to evaluate you company’s financial condition?

5.What do you consider your personal assets? Do you have any liabilities? What are they?

Answer:

1.Accounts receivable is assets and accounts payable is liabilities.

2.Because they are easly changed into money.

3.Nett owning.

4.The manager know were the company is financial healthy.

5.Mobile.

Text Analysis

Look at the reading to answer these questions.

1.What does each of the following refer to?

LINES WORDS REFERENTS

1 they financial statement

9 this the owners’ share if a business

11 this the relationship of its assets

15 these three factors assets, liabilities and owners’ equity

2.In line 6, what are property, equipment, and accounts receivable examples of?

Assets

3.In line 7, what do suppliers and banks refer to?

To whom the company has depts..

4.In lines 5-7. two different phrases are used to incorporate example in the reading. What are these phrases?

a. Assets

b. Liabilities

5.Another method of clarification by example is the use of mathematical representations. From the reading, copy examples that use mathematical symbols.

a. The fundamental accounting equation.

b. Assets equal to liabilities plus owners’ equity.

6.In lines 28-31, two uses of the balance sheet are given. What are the key words that show each of these uses is in a different area? What uses does each word introduce?

KEYWORDS USES

Classification

Categories of the balance sheet can be classified to show the relationship between them. Fill in the following blanks based on the information provided in the reading and in Figure 1 (page 79).

Class: Assets Class: Liabilities

Members: Current assets Members: Current liabilities

Fixed assets Long-term liabilities

Class: Current assets Class: Current liabilities

Members: Cash Members: Accounts payable

Accounts receivable Income taxes payable

Inventories

Class: Fixed assets Class: Long-term liabilities

Members: Property Members: Bonds

Buildings Long-term notes

Equipment

Application

Using the information in the reading, answer the following questions. Give reasons to support your answers.

1.Which of the following is not a fixed assets: office equipment, machinery, marketable securities, land, and buildings? Why?

Marketable securities. Because its easy to change into money.

2.Are the following liabilities current or long-term: bank loans payable, accounts payable, mortgage bonds payable, taxes payable, and long-term notes payable? List each under the correct heading.

CURRENT LIABILITIES LONG-TERM LIABILITIES

Accounts payable Bank loans payable

Taxes payable Mortgage bonds payable

Notes payable

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AN ACCOUNTING OVERVIEW

AN ACCOUNTING OVERVIEW

Accounting is frequently called the “language of business” because of its ability to communicate financial information abaout an organization. Various interested parties, such as managers, potential investors, creditors, and the government, depend on a company’s accounting system to help them make informed financial decisions. An affective accounting system, therefore, must include accurate collecting, recording, classifying, summarizing, interpreting, and reporting of information on the financial status of an irganization.

In order to achieve a standardized system, the accounting process follows accounting principles and rules. Regardless of the type of business or the amount of money involved, common procedures for handling and presenting financial information are used.Incoming money (revenues) and outgoing money (expenditures) are carefully monitored, and transaction are summarized in financial statements, which reflect the major financial activities of an organization.

Two common financial statements are the balance sheet and the income statement. The balance sheet shows the financial position of a company at one point in time, while the income statement shows financial performance of a company over a period of time. Financial statement allow interested parties to compare one organization to another and/or to compare accounting periods within one organization. For example, an investor may compare the most recent income statements of two corporations in order to find out which one would be a better investement.

People who specialize in the field of accounting are known as accountants. In the United States, accountants are usually classified as public, private, or governmental. Public accountants work independently and provide accounting services such as auditing and tax computation to companies and individuals. Public accountants may earn the title of CPA(Certified Public Accountant) by fulfilling rigorous requirements. Private accountants work solely for private companies or corporations that hire them to maintain financial records, and governmental accountants work for governmental agencies or bureaus. Both private and governmental accountants are paid on a salary basis, whereas public accountants receive fees for their services.

Through effective application of commonly accepted accounting systems private, public, and govermmental accountants provide accurate and timely financial information that is necessary for organization decision making.

Comprehension

1. Answer the following question about accounting. Question with asterisks cannot be answered directly from the text.
1. why is accounting called the “language of business”?
2. How is a standardized accounting system achieved?
3. What are revenues and expenditures?
4. What do the balance sheet and income statement have in common? How are they different?
5. *How might the information contained in financial statements be useful to managers? *How might creditors use this information?
6. How are accountans classified in the United States?
7. What kinds of services do public accountants provide?

8. What is a CPA? *Do you have a similar type of position in your country? *Explain.
9. *Which type of accounting-public, private, or governmental-appeals to you the most? *Why?
10. *What are some management decisions that might be based on accounting information?

Answer :

1. According is called the “language of business” because of its ability to communicate financial information about on organization.

2. In order to achive a standardized accounting system the accounting process follows accounting principles and rules.

3. Revenues are incoming money and expenditures are outgoing money.

4. The balance sheet and the income statement are two common financial statement. They are different, the first shows the financial position of a company of one point of time, while the second shows the financial performance of a company over a period of time.

5. The information contained in financial statements might be usefull to creditors in help them to find out whether the company will be able to repay the credit on time or not.

6. In United States, accountants are classified as public, private, and governmental.

7. Public accountant provide accounting services such as auditing and tax computation to companies and individuals.

8. A CPA is a Certified Public Accountant. Yes, we had. Formerly faculty of economic graduates of 5 elite universities got ‘Drs….AK’ degree.

9. Personal question

10. In some company financial decision making might be based on accounting information. For example the management want to expands its business to build a bigger factory to introduce new variety of goods.

2. Circle the letter of the answer that best completes each of the sentences below.
1. Accounting information is used by ______to help them make financial decisions.

a. managers

b. potential investors

c. creditors

d. all of the above

2. Regardless of the type of business or the amount of money ivolved :

a. all companies use identical accounting systems

b. balance sheets are more important than income statements

c. common procedures are used in handling financial information

d. no standardized accounting system is employed

3. Business monetary transactions are summarized in :

a. bank books

b. financial statements

c. computers

d. cash registers

4. Public accountants may earn the title of CPA by :

a. becoming governmental accountans

b. paying a fee

c. fulfilling rigorous requirements

d. obtaining a Bachelor of arts degree in accounting

5. Private and governmental accountatnts are paid on a____basis.

a. salary

b. monthly

c. fee

d. weekly

Vacabulary Exercises

A. Subtitute appropriate terms for the italicized words or phrases in the sentences below.

status agencies monitored maintain independently

procedure fee hire rigorous solely

1. Many accounting departments have strict enterance requirements;

only the most qualified applicants are allowed to enter these

programs. rigorous

2. The particular method used to process employee insurance

claims may vary from company to company procedure

3. The stock market is closely watched every day. monitored

4. Rather than expand into foreign lines, the dress shop manager

chose to deal only with domestic fashion designers. solely

5. Although the consultant’s charge for services was high, his

guidance and advice were well worth the money. fee

6. The financial condition of a company is reflected in its financial

statements. status

7. When the business began to expand, a second bookkeeper was

brought in to help keep the books. maintain

8. In the United States there are numerous organizations that

provide services at the local, state, and national levels. agencies

B. Complete the sentences with the noun, verb, and adjective forms provided.

1. Communication/to communicate/communicative

a. Supervisor should strive for two-way communication with their

employees.

b. By using an overhead projector, the guest speaker was able to

communicate his statistical information clearly.

c. Because of the clerk’s highly developed communicative skills, she was

given a position that required her to deal directly with customers

2. Information/informed/informative

a. The owner informed his employees that they would all receive a 5 percent pay increase.

b. Getting Acquainted with Accounting, by John L. Carey, is very informative book.

c. Financial information is essential for organizational decision making.

3. Allowance/allowed/allowable

1. The supervisor lost control of his staff members after he allowed them to override his decisions.
2. When the factory was built 50 years ago, little allowance was made for remodeling and expansion.
3. Althought allowable, smoking was discouraged in the lunch room.

4. Fulfillment/fulfill/fulfilling

1. At times the assembly line worker felt a lack of profesiomal fulfillment
2. When he was promoted to production supervisor, however, his job became much more fulfilling.
3. Before the accountant could became a CPA, she had to fulfill a number of requirements.

5. Standars/has standardized/standard

1. The standard paper size in United States for business letters and memorands is 8,5 x 11 inches.
2. The computer department has standardized its procedures for storting and retrieving data.
3. Nowadays rigorous standards are enforced in the area of food processing and packaging.

C. Fill in the blanks below with the most appropriate terms the list.

parties financial statement reflected standardized allows

whereas interpretations informed communicates rigorous

An income statement is one example of a financial statement, it communicates financial information about a company over a period of time. A standardized format

Is used to present the financial information. This allows interested parties to compare one income statement to another in order to make informed financial decisions. But there is still a great deal of risk involved in financial decision making because the information reflected in an income statement is object to variety of interpretations.

Look at the reading to answer these questions.

What does each of the following refer to?

LINES WORDS REFERENTS

1 its accounting

4 them whereas parties

19 another corporation

21 one organization

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Sejarah Perkembangan VGA

SEJARAH PERKEMBANGAN 3D GRAPHICS

Saat ini teknologi sudah semakin maju dan berkembang, para developer-developer GPU (Graphics Processing Unit) mulai meningkatkan kemampuan mereka dalam menghasilkan sebuah vga card yang bagus. Berikut ini adalah beberapa vga card dari yang pertama hingga yang sekarang ini :

1. S3 ViRGE

   Kepanjangan dari “ViRGE adalah Virtual Reality Graphics Engine”, vga ini merupakan generasi pertama yang telah menggunakan teknologi 3D grafik. S3 ViRGE memiliki spec. 64-bit menawarkan 4 MB memory onboard, core dan memory clockspeeds up to 66 MHz, dan juga telah mendukung fitur-fitur seperti Bilinear dan Trilenear texture filtering, MIP mapping, Alpha blending, Z-buffering, dan 3D tekstur lainnya.

2. ATI RAGE 3D & RAGE II

   ATI RAGE II memiliki spec. 32-bit memory bus, dan memorynya hanya 2 MB. Karena kelemahan yang ada pada ATI RAGE 3D maka dibuatlah lagu seri ke-2nya yang diberi nama RAGE II yang memiliki spec. 8 MB SDRAM, 64-bit memory bus, memory clockspeeds up to 60 MHz, serta mendukung kemampuan untuk memutar DVD Playback.

3. NVIDIA NV3

   VGA ini adalah buatan pertama dari Nvidia, vga ini juga dibuat dengan desain teknologi Microsoft's DirectX 5 API. NVIDIA NV3 memiliki spec. 4 MB memory, 100 MHz core clockspeeds, bandwith 1.6 GB/s, 206 MHz RAMDAC dan mendukung AGP 2x.

4. NVIDIA NV4

   VGA ini merupaka penerus dari NVIDIA NV3, namun NVIDIA NV4 tidak ada penambahan yamh signifikan dalam spec. seperti memory maksimum ditambah menjadi 16 MB dan mempunyai clockspeeds pada 110 MHz, tetapi Nvidia manambahkan beberapa kemampuan pada NVIDIA NV4 seperti teknologi “second pixel pipeline”, 32-bit true colors, dan fitur Trilinear filtering.

5. NVIDIA GEFORCE 256

   VGA Nvidia ini memiliki kecepatan performa 2 kali lebih cepat daripada seri-seri sebelumnya, vga ini memiliki spec. DirectX 7, 4-pixel Rendering pipeline dan sebuah fitur bernama “cube environment mapping” yaitu yang gunanyauntuk menciptakan efek real time reflection.

6. NVIDIA GEFORCE SERIES 2

   Ini merupakan vga Nvidia pertama yang menghadirkan fitur baru, yaitu pixel shader dengan sebutan “Nvidia Shading Rasterizer (NZR)”.

7. ATI RADEON R520

   VGA ini menghadirkan spec. memory yang lebih efisien, kualitas image yang lebih baik dan performa yang optimal. Selain itu vga ini memiliki fitur seperti kemampuan High Dynamic Range (HDR) lighting.

8. NVIDIA GEFORCE 9 SERIES

   VGA ini merupakan keluaran dari Nvidia yang paling populer dikalangan masyarakat, karena termasuk vga “High End” dan yang paling terkenal yaitu NVDIA GEFORCE 9800 GTX yang memiliki 128 stream processor, dan 256-bit memory bus.

9. NVIDIA GEFORCE 200 SERIES

   VGA ini memiliki chipset keluaran terbaru dari Nvidia berhasil memaukkan 1.4 billion transistor ke dalam GPU. VGA ini juga merupakan seri Nvidia yang paling terkencang dan kemampuan yang powerful.

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Tugas Bahasa Inggris Bisnis 1

Yudhi Hendra P.

32107180

3DB01

MULTINATIONAL CORPORATIONS

A company often becomes involved in international trade by exchanging goods or services with another country-importing raw materials it may need for production or exporting finished products to a foreign market. Establishing these trade relationships is the first step in the development of a multinational business. At this stage, however the corporation’s emphasis is still on the domestic market. As trade expands, the corporation’s dealing with companies or people outside the “home country” of that corporation increase.

The corporation then begins to view the whole world as a base for production and marketing operations. The next step in the development of a multinational business is focusing on the world market. The company may establish a foreign assembly plant, engage in contract manufacturing, or build a foreign manufacturing company or subsidiary. Therefore, a multinational corporation is a company that is primarily based in one country and has production and marketing activities in foreign countries.

Since World War II, multinational corporations have grown rapidly. The names and products of many of the multinational have become well-known in the world marketplace: International Business Machines (IBM), Royal Dutch Shell, Panasonic, Coca-Cola, and Volkwagen. Coca-Cola, for example, now has operations in more then 180 countries.

A multinational corporation operates in a complex business environment. Cultural, social, economic, political, and technological system vary from country to country. In order to operate successfully, a multinational company needs a basic understanding and appreciation of the foreign business environment.

Comprehension

A. Answer the following questions about multinationals. Questions with asteris (*) cannot be answered directly from the text.

1. What is the first step in the development of a multinational business?

2. Where is the comapany’s emphasis when it is simply trading with other countries?

3. What market does a multinational corporation focus on?

4. A company may establish its manufacturing operations in foreign countries? What are three forms that these operations may take?

5. What is a multinational corporation?

6 When have multinationals grown rapidly? *Why do you think they have experienced this period of rapid growth?

7. *What are some products that are produced by the following multinational corporations: IBM, Coca-Cola, Panasonic, Shell, and Volkswagen?

8. *Why does a multinational corporation operate in a more complex business environment than a domestic company?

9. *What are some of the social and political factors that can vary from country to country?

10. Why does a multinational corporation need a basic understanding of foreign business environments? *How can a multinational gain this understanding?

Answer:

A. 1. The first step (it) is establishing the trade relationship with another country.

2. The companies emphasis (it) is still on the domestic market.

3. A multinational corporation (it) focuses on the world market.

4. The three forms (they) are: It may establish a foreign assembly plant, engage in contract manufacturing, and build a foreign manufacturing company or a subsidiary.

5. A multinational corporation (it) is a company that is primary based in one country and has production and marketing activities in foreign countries.

6. Multinationals (they) have grown rapidly since World War II. Because during the war many countries knew what recurces are scarce or abundant in other countries.

7. IBM: International Business Machines, Royal Dutch Shell oil, Panasonic electronic, Coca-Cola softdrink, Volkswagen automobiles.

8. Because a multinational corporation focuses on the world market, and each country has its own system: culturally, economically, politically and technologically. Where as a domestic company only operates in one country which its system its already familiar.

9. Socially: In Japan life time employment system is applied, where as in Indonesia contract system employment is used.

Politically: Thailand is monarchism, Indonesia is democratic.

10. In order to operate successfully. This understanding can be gained through market research.

B. Determine which of the following statement are true and which are false. Then put T

or F in the blanks. Rewrite false statements to make them true.

1. T Multinaltional corporations have grown rapidly since 1945.

2. F Any company engaged in international trade is a multinational business.

3. T In order to operate successfully, a multinational company needs to be aware of national and international business environments

4. F A multinational corporation focuses on its “home country,” or domestic market.

5. F A multinational company does not establish factories in foreign countries.

Vocabulary Exercises

A.Write down any terms that you did not understand in the reading. Find each term in the reading, look at its context, and try to figure out the meaning. Discuss these terms with your classmates.

B.Look at the terms in the left-hand colomn and find the correct synonyms or definiti-

Ons in the right-hand colomn. Copy the corresponding letters in the blanks.

1. j corporation (line 5) a. chiefly; principally

2. e expand (line 6) b. function in; work in

3. g view (line 8) c. change

4. i stage (line 5) d. a company having more than half of its stock

owned by another company

5. a primarily (line 13) e. increase the dimensions of

6. h base (line 8) f. growth; expansion

7. c vary (line 21) g. see; look at

8. d subsidiary (line 21) h. foundation

9. b operate in (line 20) i. a step in development

10.f development (line 4) j. a type of business organization formed by an

association of stockholders

C.Fill in the blanks in the following paragraph with the most appropriate terms form the

list.

base operate in appreciation of expands

vary corporation development subsidiary

staged involved in view relationship

During the development of a corporation, the organizational structure may vary over time and pass through a number of stages . As the corporation grows, it expands its operations. It might become involved in setting up a subsidiary . Although the corporation still has a primary or “home base ,” establishment of a subsidiary allow the company to enter into new relationship with a view toward increasing its production and marketing capabilities.

Text Analysis

Look at the reading to answer these questions.

1.What does each of the following refer to?

LINES WORDS REFERENTS

2 it a company

5 this stage first step

17 IBM International Business Machine

2.Match the connective words or phrases with the appropriate functions.

c however (line 5) a. summarizing

d then (line 8) b. illustrating

a therefore (line 12) c. contrasting

b for example (line 18) d. sequencing information

3.Summarize the two general steps in the development of a multinational corporation.

a. establishing these trade relationship. (line 3-5)

b. focusing on the world market. (line 8-10)

4.Sometimes the definition of a term takes this form:

a controls the

A restrictive trade law → is → law → that → number of goods

imported or exported

that

term being defined → verb to be → class→ which → definition

This type of definition is known as a formal definition. In a formal definition the term or word being defined occurs first. It is followed by the verb to be (usually is ar are). Next the class states the general group that the term belongs to:

TERMS CLASSES

multinational corporation company

typewriter business machine

absolute advantage theory of specialization

After the class, either that or which is used. Finally, the definition itself includes information distinguishing this term other members of its class.

Write formal definitions for multinational corporation (page 56), corporation (page 57), and subsidiary (page 57).

a. A multinational corporation is a company that is primatily based in one country and has production and marketing activities in foreign countries.

b.

c.

5.Formal definitions may be shortened to a more general form, which includes less information. This is often called a semiformal definition. The class, that or which, and the verb to be are omitted.

A restrictive trade law → controls → the number of goods imported or exported

Term being defined → verb → definition

Change the formal definition from the previous exercise into semiformal definitions.

a A multinational corporation is primatily based in one country and has production and marketing activities in foreign countries.

b.

c.

TENSES

Pr – Present; Ps-Past; S-Simple; C-Continuous; F-Future; Pf-Perfect

1. Pr.S - He writes many letters everyday. (habitual action)

2. Ps.S - He wrote m.1 yesterday. (occurred in the past)

3. Pr.C - It is writing m.1 now. (is occurring right now)

4. Ps.C - He was writing m.1 when it rained yesterday. (two actions in the

past).

5. Pr.F - He will write m.1 tomorrow. (will happen in the future).

6. Ps.F - He would write m.1 yesterday, but he didn’t have time.

7. Pr.Pf - He has written m.1 already (has just happened now).

8. Ps.Pf - He had written m.1 when it rained yesterday. (two actions in the past)

9. Pr.Fc - He will be writing m.1 when you visit him tomorrow. (in the future)

10.Ps.Fc - He would be writing m.1 when you visited him yesterday. (in the past)

11.Pr.FPf - He will have written m.1 when you come tomorrow (in the future)

12.Ps.FPf - He would have written m.1 when you come yesterday. (in the past)

13.Pr.Pfc - He has been writing m.1 for two days until now. (continuosly from past

until now).

14.Ps.Pfc - He had been writting m.1 for two days until yesterday (continuosly

from past to past)

15.Pr.Fpf.C - He will have been writing m.1 for two days will tomorrow. (until in the

future)

16.Pr.F.Pfc - He would have been writing m.1 for two days until yesterday. (until in

the past)

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